PAES 101: 2000 – Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General (Old)

TECHNICAL MEANS FOR ENSURING SAFETY - GENERAL (OLD) 

(PAES 101: 2000)

Question 1: What is the primary focus of the PAES 101:2000 standard?

A) Guidelines for the marketing of agricultural products

B) Best practices for soil management in agriculture

C) Prevention of accidents arising from the use of tractors and machinery in agriculture

D) Techniques for improving crop yields through advanced technology

Explanation: PAGE 2. Scope: This standard provides guidelines pertaining to the prevention of accidents arising from the use of tractors and machinery for agriculture. It also specifies technical means of improving the degree of safety of operators and others involved in the course of normal operation, service and maintenance of the machine.

Question 2: What are the three classifications of guards designed to prevent contact with moving parts and clothing?

A) Cover, barrier, fence

B) Shield, fence, casing

C) Screen, cover, enclosure

D) Shield, casing, enclosure

EXPLANATION: Guard types: There are three types of guards designed to prevent contact with the moving parts by a person and/or clothing. These may be classified as: a) shield or cover; b) casing; and c) enclosure.

Question 3: What is the minimum static load that guards must withstand without cracking, tearing, or permanently deflecting?

A) 1400 N

B) 1300 N

C) 1200 N

D) 1500 N

SOLUTION: PAGE 4. Guard construction. Guards shall be sufficiently strong. Unless it is clearly inappropriate, these shall, without cracking, tearing or permanently deflecting, withstand a perpendicular static load of 1,200 N.

Question 4: What is the load requirement for guards that may occasionally be used as steps?

A) 1200 N

B) 1400 N

C) 1600 N

D) 1000 N

Explanation: PAGE 4. Parts designed as platforms and steps, which are also guards, shall comply with appropriate strength requirements for platforms and steps. Where a guard is in such position that it may occasionally be used as a step, it shall withstand a load of 1,200 N.

Question 5: What term describes how guards should typically be fixed to the machine, allowing them to be easily opened while still remaining attached?

A) Temporary Fixation

B) Permanent Attachment

C) Removable Connection

D) Adjustable Mounting

Explanation: Guards shall normally be permanently attached to the machine; these may be easily opened, in which case these should remain attached to the machine in some way, for example by means of a hinge, slide, linkage or other suitable means, and should be provided with a convenient means to keep them closed. “Permanent attachment” includes the use of threaded fasteners, split pins, or other means that can be dismantled with common hand tools.

Question 6: What is the term for a protective device that utilizes a rail, fence, frame, or similar structure to create a safe distance, ensuring that dangerous parts cannot be reached inadvertently?

A) Enclosure

B) Shield

C) Casing

D) Barrier

Explanation: 5.3. Enclosure - Protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the safety, distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently.

Question 7: What is the term for a protective device that is designed and fitted to prevent contact with dangerous parts of a machine from all sides, whether used alone or with other components?

A) Shield

B) Casing

C) Enclosure

D) Barrier

Explanation:5.2. Casing - Protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the machine, it prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides.

Question 8: What is the term for protective devices that are designed and fitted to prevent access to dangerous parts of a machine from the side or sides they cover, either on their own or in conjunction with other components?

A) Casing

B) Shield or cover

C) Barrier

D) Enclosure

Explanation:5.1 Shield or cover - Protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of the machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered.

Question 9: What is the safety distance for upward reach from a dangerous part when a person is standing upright?

A) 2,500 mm

B) 2,000 mm

C) 1,500 mm

D) 1,000 mm

Explanation:7.1.1 Upward reach. - The safety distance for upward reach is 2,500 mm for persons standing upright.

Question 10: What term describes an area on a machine considered dangerous for body parts if the appropriate minimum separation distance is not maintained, and where the design must ensure that the next larger part of the body cannot pass through?

A) Safety Zone

B) Hazard Area

C) Pinching Point

D) Risk Zone

Explanation:7.2 Pinching points. A pinching point is considered dangerous for the parts of the body if the appropriate minimum separation distance is not maintained. The design of the machine shall ensure that the next bigger part of the body cannot pass through.

Question 11:What should be provided with agricultural machines to ensure safety precautions are followed during operation and servicing, including warnings against connecting a revolving hitch or clevis with another revolving unit?

A) Safety Shields

B) Operating Manuals

C) Maintenance Logs

D) Safety Signage

Explanation: 8.1. Operating manuals - Where safety precautions are necessary during operation and servicing of agricultural machines, appropriate instructions shall be provided with the machine. Operating manuals shall also include a warning that a revolving hitch or a revolving clevis shall not be connected with a mating unit which also revolves on a towed machine or trailer.

Question 12: What term refers to durable notifications affixed to machines to alert operators about dangerous parts and situations, including the inadvertent lowering of equipment parts, and must comply with national regulations regarding symbols, sizes, layouts, and languages?

A) Safety Instructions

B) Hazard Labels

C) Caution Signs

D) Warning Notices

Explanation:8.2 Warning notices - Durable warning notices shall be affixed to the machine where parts present danger to the operator. Also included are circumstances where the inadvertent lowering of parts of equipment can cause danger. Particular danger or safety warnings shall be indicated on the notice. Existing national or other regulations may require specific symbols, sizes, layout or color. The warning notice shall be either pictorial or text in a language acceptable to the user or, if appropriate, the national regulating authority concerned.

Question 13:What term describes the measures that must be implemented to prevent danger from machines and trailers through tilting due to a shifting center of gravity, including the need for independent and reliable means to hold hydraulically raised components during servicing or adjustment?

A) Operational Safety

B) Load Management

C) Working Stability

D) Safety Mechanisms

Explanation:9 Working stability - Machines and trailers that may create a danger to the user through tilting, as a result of the shifting of the center of gravity (for example when emptying or filling), shall be provided with means of preventing such danger. Hydraulically raised components that need to be held in a raised position to allow servicing or adjustment shall be provided with an independent and reliable means of retaining them in the required position

Question 14:What are the requirements for the foot-guard (toe-board) on a platform to prevent operator falls? Specifically, how far it can be from the platform edge and how high it must extend?

A) 25 mm farther away and 50 mm above the platform

B) 75 mm farther away and 100 mm above the platform

C) 50 mm farther away and 75 mm above the platform

D) 100 mm farther away and 150 mm above the platform

Explanation:10.2 Operating positions. Means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from his workplace. Any platform on which the operator is required to stand during the operation of the machine shall be level and shall have a non-slip surface, and if necessary, drainage shall be provided. The platform shall be provided with the following: a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted around the edge of the platform or not more than 50 mm farther away and shall extend not less than 75 mm above the platform; b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not more 1100 mm above the platform and an intermediate rail so that the vertical distance between any two rails does not exceed 500 mm. However, it is not required to provide a foot-guard or fixed guard-rails for the platform: a) when the machine itself affords protection at least equal to that which the footguard and guard-rail would provide if these were fitted; b) when the operation permits access of persons or movement of material. A rail or chain shall be provided across the access when the machine is operating.

Question 15: What is the maximum vertical distance allowed between any two rails of the guard-rail system on a platform to prevent operator falls?

A) 250 mm

B) 350 mm

C) 450 mm

D) 500 mm

Explanation:10.2 Operating positions. Means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from his workplace. Any platform on which the operator is required to stand during the operation of the machine shall be level and shall have a non-slip surface, and if necessary, drainage shall be provided. The platform shall be provided with the following: a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted around the edge of the platform or not more than 50 mm farther away and shall extend not less than 75 mm above the platform; b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not more 1100 mm above the platform and an intermediate rail so that the vertical distance between any two rails does not exceed 500 mm. However, it is not required to provide a foot-guard or fixed guard-rails for the platform: a) when the machine itself affords protection at least equal to that which the footguard and guard-rail would provide if these were fitted; b) when the operation permits access of persons or movement of material. A rail or chain shall be provided across the access when the machine is operating.

Question 16: What term refers to the components provided on a machine that supports the operator while sitting and ensures adequate comfort and protection for their feet during operation?

A) Workstations

B) Safety Platforms

C) Seats

D) Operator Stations

Explanation:10.3 Seats - On a machine on which the operator is required to sit, a seat shall be provided which will adequately support the operator in all working and operating modes. Adequate and comfortable support and protection for the feet shall be provided

Question 17: What term describes the devices on a machine, including steering wheels, levers, cranks, pedals, and switches, that must be arranged to allow safe and easy operation by an operator in their normal position?

A) Operating Controls

B) Control System

C) Mechanism Panel

D) Command Interface

Explanation:10.4 Operating control- The operating controls, such as steering wheel or steering levers, transmission levers, cranks, pedals, and switches, shall be arranged and fitted in such a way as to allow safe and easy control and manipulation by an operator in the normal operating position. Pedals and controls shall be positioned so that they do not obstruct access. The function of the controls shall be marked on or near the control.

Question 18: What term refers to the system designed to minimize the force of any sudden movement in the steering wheel or lever(s) resulting from the reaction of the steered wheel(s)?

A) Control System

B) Steering Gear

C) Directional Control

D) Steering Mechanism

Explanation:10.4.1 Steering mechanism- The steering mechanism shall be so designed as to reduce the force of any sudden movement of the steering wheel or steering lever(s) due to reaction from the steered wheel(s).

Question 19:What is the term for the type of clutches that are designed to be disengaged by pushing a pedal forward, specifically positioned for convenience to the operator's left foot?

A) Foot-operated clutches

B) Hand-operated clutches

C) Electronic clutches

D) Hydraulic clutches

Explanation: 10.4.3 Clutches (Drive engagement controls) - The following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate: a) Foot-operated clutches - It should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left foot. To disengage, the pedal should be pushed forward. In such case of a combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO shall be disengaged on the second stage.

Question 20: What type of clutches is designed to be disengaged by moving a control rearward and must be operated only when the operator is in the operator's station?

A) Pneumatic clutches

B) Foot-operated clutches

C) Hand-operated clutches

D) Automatic clutches

Explanation: 10.4.3 Clutches (Drive engagement controls) - The following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate: a) Foot-operated clutches - It should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left foot. To disengage, the pedal should be pushed forward. In such case of a combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO shall be disengaged on the second stage; b) Hand-operated clutches- It should be located in a position convenient to the operator. To disengage, the control should be moved rearward. Control should be operated only with the operator in the operator’s station.

Question 21: What term describes the components that must be adequately sized, appropriately configured, and equipped with slip-resistant surfaces to prevent the operator's foot from slipping off during operation?

A) Pedals

B) Levers

C) Footrests

D) Controls

Explanation: 10.4.6 Pedals - Pedals shall be of adequate size and of appropriate configuration. These shall have slipresistant surfaces in order to minimize the possibility of the operator’s foot slipping off the pedals, and where necessary, be provided with a rim at the edge of the pedal.

Question 22: What is the term for the manually operated device on a machine that locks the differential gear and provides a clear indication to the operator when it is engaged?

A) Gear Shift

B) Brake Lock

C) Differential Locks

D) Clutch Lock

Explanation: 10.4.7 Differential locks - Any manually operated device fitted to a machine to lock the differential gear shall be designed and fitted so that there is a clear indication to the operator that the lock is engaged. It shall be designed so that it minimizes the possibility of inadvertent actuation

Question 23: What term refers to the devices that must be provided on mobile machines that are not self-propelled for the purpose of towing or being towed?

A) Couplings

B) Tow Bars

C) Hitches

D) Towing Devices

Explanation: 11.1 Hitches - Mobile machines that are not self-propelled shall be provided with suitable hitch devices. Machines used for towing or which are towed shall be provided with a towing device constructed and fitted to be secure for the purpose.

Question 24:What is the maximum thickness allowed for the drawbar on a tractor, as specified in the requirements?

A) 30 mm

B) 32 mm

C) 31 mm

D) 33 mm

Explanation: 11.1.2 Drawbars - The drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor. The diameter of the hole in the drawbar should be 33 mm. The thickness of the drawbar shall be not more than 32 mm.

Question 25: What is the height above ground level that the hitch point of a drawbar must be when a stand is fitted to securely support it on machines or trailers designed to be picked up mechanically by the towing vehicle?

A) 150 mm

B) 120 mm

C) 180 mm

D) 200 mm

Explanation: 11.2.2 Non-stable machines or trailers having a drawbar shall be provided with a jack capable of raising or lowering the drawbar. The jack shall be constructed and secured to the machine so as to prevent the drawbar from falling when the jack is in use and shall have a base of adequate size to prevent it from sinking into soft ground. This requirement applies to: /- all trailers of unladen mass (bare weight) exceeding 500 kg; /- any other machine when the machine is unladen and the downward force acting through the drawbar at the hitch point exceed 250 N. The downward force acting through the drawbar shall be measured with the machine stationary on horizontal ground and the drawbar hitch point at a height of 400 mm above the ground. /This requirement shall not apply to a machine or trailer with a drawbar designed to be picked up mechanically by the towing vehicle, but in such cases, a stand capable of securely supporting the drawbar with the hitch point 150 mm above the ground level shall be fitted.

Question 26: What is the threshold unladen mass above which non-stable machines or trailers must be provided with a jack capable of raising or lowering the drawbar?

A) 500 kg

B) 600 kg

C) 700 kg

D) 800 kg

Explanation: 11.2.2 Non-stable machines or trailers having a drawbar shall be provided with a jack capable of raising or lowering the drawbar. The jack shall be constructed and secured to the machine so as to prevent the drawbar from falling when the jack is in use and shall have a base of adequate size to prevent it from sinking into soft ground. This requirement applies to: /- all trailers of unladen mass (bare weight) exceeding 500 kg; /- any other machine when the machine is unladen and the downward force acting through the drawbar at the hitch point exceed 250 N. The downward force acting through the drawbar shall be measured with the machine stationary on horizontal ground and the drawbar hitch point at a height of 400 mm above the ground. /This requirement shall not apply to a machine or trailer with a drawbar designed to be picked up mechanically by the towing vehicle, but in such cases, a stand capable of securely supporting the drawbar with the hitch point 150 mm above the ground level shall be fitted.

Question 27: What is the downward force acting through the drawbar at the hitch point that necessitates the provision of a jack for non-stable machines or trailers when the machine is unladen?

A) 230 N

B) 240 N

C) 250 N

D) 260 N

Explanation: 11.2.2 Non-stable machines or trailers having a drawbar shall be provided with a jack capable of raising or lowering the drawbar. The jack shall be constructed and secured to the machine so as to prevent the drawbar from falling when the jack is in use and shall have a base of adequate size to prevent it from sinking into soft ground. This requirement applies to: /- all trailers of unladen mass (bare weight) exceeding 500 kg; /- any other machine when the machine is unladen and the downward force acting through the drawbar at the hitch point exceed 250 N. The downward force acting through the drawbar shall be measured with the machine stationary on horizontal ground and the drawbar hitch point at a height of 400 mm above the ground. /This requirement shall not apply to a machine or trailer with a drawbar designed to be picked up mechanically by the towing vehicle, but in such cases, a stand capable of securely supporting the drawbar with the hitch point 150 mm above the ground level shall be fitted.

Question 28: At what height above the ground must the drawbar hitch point be measured for the downward force requirement to apply?

A) 100 mm

B) 200 mm

C) 300 mm

D) 400 mm

Explanation: 11.2.2 Non-stable machines or trailers having a drawbar shall be provided with a jack capable of raising or lowering the drawbar. The jack shall be constructed and secured to the machine so as to prevent the drawbar from falling when the jack is in use and shall have a base of adequate size to prevent it from sinking into soft ground. This requirement applies to: /- all trailers of unladen mass (bare weight) exceeding 500 kg; /- any other machine when the machine is unladen and the downward force acting through the drawbar at the hitch point exceed 250 N. The downward force acting through the drawbar shall be measured with the machine stationary on horizontal ground and the drawbar hitch point at a height of 400 mm above the ground. /This requirement shall not apply to a machine or trailer with a drawbar designed to be picked up mechanically by the towing vehicle, but in such cases, a stand capable of securely supporting the drawbar with the hitch point 150 mm above the ground level shall be fitted.

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