VOLUME 2: AREA 2 (LAND AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND ALLIED SUBJECTS)

1. The scientific name of Nile tilapia is:

a) Tilapia niloticus

b) Oreochromis niloticus

c) Oreochromis nilotica

d) Tilapia hornorum

Explanation: Nile tilapia is scientifically classified as Oreochromis niloticus, a species known for its rapid growth and suitability for tropical aquaculture.

2. The scientific name of milkfish is:

a) Ephinephelus coioides

b) Oreochromis niloticus

c) Chanos chanos

d) Cyprinus carpio

Explanation: Chanos chanos is the taxonomic name for milkfish (Bangus), which is the national fish of the Philippines.

3. The scientific name of the giant tiger prawn is:

a) Penaeus vannamei

b) Macrobrachium rosenbergii

c) Penaeus indicus

d) Penaeus monodon

Explanation: Penaeus monodon is the scientific name for the Giant Tiger Prawn (Sugpo), characterized by its large size and dark stripes.

4. A seaweed that is mainly produced in the country is:

a) Kappaphycus

b) Kelp

c) Nori

d) Aristichthys

Explanation: Kappaphycus (specifically Kappaphycus alvarezii) is a major seaweed crop in the Philippines, primarily used for carrageenan production.

5. The most dominant species cultured in brackishwater in the country are:

a) Oyster and mussels

b) Milkfish and shrimp

c) Mudcrab and grouper

d) Tilapia and milkfish

Explanation: Milkfish and Penaeid shrimp are the primary species raised in brackishwater ponds across the Philippines.

6. Which of the following is not a major aquaculture species in the Philippines?

a) Carp

b) Salmon

c) Seaweeds

d) Tiger prawn

Explanation: Salmon is a cold-water species and is not commercially cultured in the tropical Philippine environment.

7. This shrimp or prawn undergoes 11 larval stages to metamorphose to post larvae:

a) Giant tiger prawn

b) Whiteleg shrimp

c) Giant freshwater prawn

d) Indian shrimp

Explanation: Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Giant freshwater prawn) is unique for having 11 distinct larval stages during its development.

8. Penaeid shrimps undergo these larval stages in sequence before they become post larvae:

a) Nauplius, megalopa, instar

b) Nauplius, zoea, mysis

c) Nauplius, mysis, zoea

d) Zoea, megalopa, instar

Explanation: The biological sequence for Penaeid shrimp starts with Nauplius, followed by Zoea, then Mysis, before reaching the Post Larvae stage.

9. The Philippines ranks as the world’s second largest producer of:

a) Shrimp

b) Milkfish

c) Sea cucumber

d) Seaweeds

Explanation: The Philippines is one of the top global producers of aquatic plants, specifically farmed seaweeds for the carrageenan industry.

10. Water like in estuarine areas with intermediate salinity due to the mixing of fresh and sea water is referred to as:

a) Freshwater

b) Seawater

c) Brackishwater

d) Marine water

Explanation: Brackishwater describes water with salinity levels between freshwater and seawater, common in estuaries.

11. Breeding and growout production of commercially important marine species are grown in zonified marine cages which the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources refers to as:

a) Industrial cage parks

b) Seawater cage farms

c) Ocean cage parks

d) Mariculture parks

Explanation: Mariculture Parks are designated sea areas managed by BFAR for structured aquaculture and cage farming.

12. Eye ablation is a way of inducing females to spawn in:

a) Milkfish

b) Mussels

c) Oysters

d) Shrimp

Explanation: Eyestalk ablation in shrimp triggers hormonal changes that stimulate the ovaries to mature and spawn.

13. This form of nitrogen in water is considered toxic to fish:

a) Nitrogen gas

b) Ionized ammonia

c) Nitrate

d) Unionized ammonia

Explanation: Unionized ammonia ($NH_3$) is the toxic form because it is uncharged and can easily pass through fish gill membranes.

14. Waste excretion rates vary with fish size or weight but remain fairly constant per:

a) kg fish

b) kg feed

c) m3 of water

d) number of fish

Explanation: Because waste is a byproduct of digestion, the amount of nitrogen and solid waste produced is directly linked to the amount of feed consumed.

15. The term that refers to facilities or procedures involved in producing fish or shrimp fry is:

a) Broodstock conditioning

b) Hatchery

c) Nursery

d) Growout

Explanation: A hatchery is the specific facility designed for spawning and the early life-stage rearing (fry production) of aquatic species.

16. According to the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Act of 1998, this involves the design, construction, installation, operation, maintenance and management of machinery, equipment and facilities for fishery and aquaculture production, processing, transporting and marketing:

a) Aquaculture

b) Aquaculture engineering

c) Fishery and aquaculture resource engineering

d) Fishery engineering

Explanation: According to the PRC Board of Agricultural Engineering rules based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Act of 1998, this involves Fishery and Aquaculture Resource Engineering. It includes the design, construction, installation, operation, maintenance, and management of machinery, equipment, and facilities for fish ponds, pens/cages, aerators, and fish handling.

17. Hill ponds that rely on rainfall and runoff as water source are also called:

a) Excavated ponds

b) Watershed ponds

c) Levee ponds

d) Embankment ponds

Explanation: Watershed ponds are constructed by capturing surface runoff within a drainage basin or catchment area.

18. For the same pond area, the levee requirement is shortest for:

a) Square ponds

b) Rectangular ponds

c) Octagonal ponds

d) Circular ponds

Explanation: A circular shape has the smallest perimeter-to-area ratio, meaning it requires the least amount of dike/levee material for a fixed area.

19. The height of the levee from the water surface to the top of the levee is called:

a) Dike height

b) Freeboard

c) Side slope

d) Fetch

Explanation: Freeboard provides a safety margin to prevent water from splashing over the top of the dike due to wave action or rain.

20. A pond bottom slope of 2000:1 is equivalent to:

a) 0.05 % slope

b) 0.5 % slope

c) 1.0 % slope

d) 5 % slope

Explanation: $1 / 2000 = 0.0005$, and $0.0005 \times 100 = 0.05\%$.

21. This is provided in a pipe drain to prevent seepage:

a) Core trench

b) Freeboard

c) Collar

d) Frame

Explanation: Anti-seep collars are plates placed around drainage pipes to prevent water from flowing along the outer surface of the pipe and eroding the dike.

22. These two culture systems in open water are considered as enclosure culture systems:

a) Raceways and ponds

b) Pens and cages

c) Ponds and cages

d) Raceways and pens

Explanation: Pens and cages are both types of enclosures placed within larger bodies of water like lakes, rivers, or the sea.

23. This type of aerator may be excellent in emergencies because it quickly raises the oxygen level in a small area, but is not good in dispersing oxygen throughout the pond:

a) Diffused bubble aerator

b) Paddle-wheel aerator

c) Vertical pump aerator

d) Aspirating aerator

Explanation: Vertical pumps throw water straight up, providing high oxygenation at the source but limited horizontal circulation compared to other types.

24. These aerators are excellent choices for medium and large ponds where movement of oxygenated water away from the aerator is important:

a) Diffused bubble and aspirating aerators

b) Paddle-wheel and aspirating aerators

c) Vertical pump and bubble aerators

d) None of the above

Explanation: Paddle-wheel and aspirating aerators create strong currents that help distribute oxygenated water across a larger surface area.

25. Without additional aeration, a continuous supply of 70 gpm good quality water can at the most support approximately:

a) 265 kg fish

b) 365 kg fish

c) 300 kg fish

d) 400 kg fish

Explanation: Calculation: 70 gpm*3.78 L/gal*1 m³/1000 L * 1000 kg/m³ = 264.6 kg, which rounds to 265 kg.

26. In recirculating systems, the conversion of toxic ammonia and intermediate form nitrite to relatively harmless nitrate is called:

a) Fractionation

b) Ozonation

c) Nitrification

d) Denitrification

Explanation: Nitrification is the aerobic process by which bacteria convert toxic ammonia into nitrate, which is much less harmful to fish.

27. Normal acclimation of biofilters would take about:

a) 1 week

b) 2 weeks

c) 3 weeks

d) 4 weeks

Explanation: Biofilters require about a month (4 weeks) for the beneficial bacterial colonies to grow and stabilize enough to handle full fish loads.

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